Starbucks and the Risse of the City State Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Starbucks and the Risse of the City State - Essay Example The sentiments of opposition often provide us with newer ways of carrying out the task and we can prepare ourselves even for adverse circumstances. For example; it is said that, "If you want peace, be ready to fight." and Sun Tzu further stated that, "If you want a real shape, firstly be unshaped." During the last century power basically implied military power and the ruling power. But as we enter into the 21st century, economic power seems to have taken over all other types of power. While earlier the 'power' used to be shown in the battlefield, now it the company's boardrooms which plan out the fight. The fight is then executed with the help of well laid out marketing and promotional strategies. The levels of prosperity of the citizens and the economic power of the country are now increasingly being used by nations as a tool to exert pressure on other nations. This way these nations are enjoying glory without fighting on the battlefields. Like Sun Tzu says; "Glory without fighting is the best." New world order says that, 'do not kill your enemies, but use them to become stronger.' Some people prefer to call the global footprints of multinational corporations as examples of imperialistic designs from the developed nations. These are termed as example of countries using their economic power with their companies. Starbucks is one such example where the company has established itself well in many countries around the world. Starbucks has been a well known brand for specialty coffee offering fresh rich-brewed coffees, espresso beverages, a range of pastries and confectionary items, coffee-related accessories and equipment, and a line of premium teas under its brand name. The company has opened its outlets in about 43 countries outside the USA1. Starbucks was also able to enter into strategic alliances with other companies and make fullest use of the opportunities to widen its customer base. Sun Tzu says, "Divide your soldiers and give them prize for booty and do not fight in the unimportant area, fight for fatal places." This seemed to be basic inspiration behind the strategy of Starbucks. Starbucks has established itself well in big cities and is offering a tough competition to rival companies. With different types of offers to customers in different locations and on different occasions, the company has been able to take fullest benefit of localizing the products and services. As per Sun Tzu the rule of 'strategic capturing' is "To fight and conquer in all your battles is not supreme excellence; supreme excellence consists in breaking the enemy's resistance without fighting." Starbucks has been able to establish itself as a company in key cities around the world, where they can cater to the people with time and money to be spent with their friends and families. So far they have been able to open and popularize their outlets in places like New York, London, Tokyo, Dhaka, Beijing, Istanbul etc. The manner in which Starbucks has been able to successfully implement its strategies, despite oppositions from some quarters is an indication of the script written by Sun Tzu and followed by the company. Sun Tzu stated, "There are roads which must not be followed, armies which must be not attacked, towns which must be besieged, positions which must not be contested, commands of the sovereign which must not be obeyed." Despite the

The Stuxnet Virus Essay Example for Free

The Stuxnet Virus Essay Historic data shows that Iran accounted for almost sixty percent of the early infections. According to Siemens, 15 of its customers were identified as having detected the worm on their systems as of Sept. 14. Stuxnet used stolen digital certificates from Realtek Semiconductor and JMicron Technology to legitimately slip through and hide. The certificates also helped keep Stuxnet under the radar. 1. 1 Why are all the fingers pointing to the United States and Israel? Most cyber security experts who have researched this complex attack call it a joint U. S. Israeli operation, which may have also included Germany and Great Britain. It is also a well known fact which, incidentally, has not been denied by either the US. or Israel, that Israeli intelligence tested aspects of the worm using centrifuges identical to Irans at Israel’s Dimona complex. Even Siemens the German company cooperated with Idaho National Laboratories in the US to identify the vulnerabilities of computer controllers that the company sells to operate industrial machinery around the world. Not too long afterwards, those very vulnerabilities were exploited by Stuxnet. . Why a Cyber Attack? Cyber warfare requires intellect not military might and a country does not have to be a military superpower to wage a cyber attack. Cyber attack tracks are much easier to cover and are easily attributable to another entity. While cyber attacks are only recently been declared by our military and political leadership as acts of war, compared to an actual physical military attack on another country life can go on as usual for most of the citizens on both sides of the conflict without the slightest idea that their country is at war. It does not cost billions of dollars to run or manage and is hardly a long-term commitment of hundreds of thousands of troops and the logistics to support them and their equipment at the front lines. In case of Iran, a cyber attack was the most viable option available to global powers because the Iranian regime did not hesitate to make threats against the United States and Israel should it have been attacked militarily to make it stop trying to produce nuclear weapons. 2. 1 What exactly is Stuxnet designed to do? Graphic: Courtesy of The New York Times, January 15, 2011 Stuxnet is the first malware of its type designed to cross over the cyber – industrial divide and attacking critical infrastructure like power stations and electricity grids. On 26 September 2010, Irans state news agency reported that computers at its Bushehr nuclear power plant had been infected. The New York Times article, Israeli Test on Worm called Crucial in Iran Nuclear Delay, describes the complex function of Stuxnet in very simple terms: â€Å"One part of the program is designed to lie dormant for long periods, and then speed up the machines so that the spinning rotors in the centrifuges wobble and then destroy themselves. Another part, called a â€Å"man in the middle† in the computer world, sends out those false sensor signals to make the system believe everything is running smoothly. That prevents a safety system from kicking in, which would shut down the plant before it could self-destruct. † The same article further quotes Ralph Langer, widely credited for having solved Stuxnet, as saying: â€Å"Code analysis makes it clear hat Stuxnet is not about sending a message or proving a concept,† and later saying â€Å"It is about destroying its targets with utmost determination in military style. † Stuxnet was designed to seek out its target, cripple it beyond repair without causing any collateral damage; stay lurking in the shadows to continue to strike, all without leaving any conclusive evidence of who sent it on its mission in the first place. Needless to say, it succeeded in its mission. 2. 2 How effective was Stuxnet and why? To sit remotely, thousands of miles away and receive an email update from your smart malware that it has disabled your enemy’s commercial power grid says something about the power and effectiveness of this new weapon of cyber warfare. By most accounts and estimates damage from the Stuxnet virus has apparently set back the Iranian nuclear program by at least two years. This makes the virus as effective as a military strike, perhaps even more; all this without loss of life, collateral damage, or risk of a full-blown war. 3. History and future of nation state cyber warfare According to the Council on Foreign Relations, although few countries beyond the well-known players like China, Russia, and Israel and a handful of others have historically possessed the capability to launch a full scale cyber attack along the lines of the Stuxnet attack, over one hundred countries have begun to organize cyber warfare units. (Masters, 2011, sec. 2) Across the world, countries are either engaged in cyber battles with their arch enemies or gearing up to bolster their defenses against cyber warfare.

The History of the Antitrust Laws Essay -- U.S. Law

In the 1800’s there were several businesses known as trusts. These â€Å"trusts† owned the entire industry. Railroads, sugar, oil, and steel were some of the major products that were controlled by these trusts. U.S. Steel and Standard Oil were two big companies that were famous for controlling their product and the industry it was a part of. The oil industry was an easy industry to be monopolized because the deposits were rare. The Standard Oil Company was incorporated by John D. Rockefeller in Ohio in 1870. At the time, the refining business was highly competitive, and Standard Oil had more than 250 competitors. Rockefeller and his associates took advantage of both the scarcity of oil and the returns produced from it to lay down a monopoly, with no help from the banks. The industry practices and questionable strategy that Rockefeller used to form Standard Oil made the Enron mass feel ashamed, but the completed product was not near as harmful to the market or the environment as the industry was previous to Rockefeller monopolizing it. There once were a lot of oil companies competing to make the most of their find. Companies would pump waste products into the rivers or on the ground because it cost too much for research on how to dispose of it properly. They also slashed costs by pumping through poor pipelines that were famous for seepage. Standard Oil eventually owned 90% of oil production and distribution in the United States, and they had learned how to make money off of their waste products. Vaseline was one of many of the new products formed. Andrew Carnegie went a lengthy way in producing a monopoly in the steel industry U.S. Steel, a gigantic corporation nearly reaching the magnitude of Standard Oil. U.S. Steel ... ...rman+Act Antitrust: An Overview. ANTITRUST. Legal Information Institute. Cornell University Law School. http://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/Antitrust Sherman Anti-Trust Act. LawBrain. http://lawbrain.com/wiki/Sherman_Anti-Trust_Act Clayton Act. LawBrain. http://lawbrain.com/wiki/Clayton_Act Herbert Hovenkamp. Clayton Act (1914). Enotes. Major Acts of Congress,  ©2004 Gale Cengage. http://www.enotes.com/clayton-act-1914-reference/clayton-act-1914 Herbert Hovenkamp. Federal Trade Commission Act (1914). Enotes. Major Acts of Congress,  ©2004 Gale Cengage. http://www.enotes.com/federal-trade-commission-act-1914-100734-reference/federal-trade-commission-act-1914 Herbert Hovenkamp. Sherman Antitrust Act (1890). Enotes. Major Acts of Congress,  ©2004 Gale Cengage. http://www.enotes.com/sherman-antitrust-act-1890-101422-reference/sherman-antitrust-act-1890

Fall On Your Knees Essay

* It is the story of James Piper, orphaned child, who becomes a piano tuner. When James was 18, he met Material, 13, and they elope to the close by village. Materia’s family were against her marriage. James then has three daughters, Kathleen, Mercedes, and Frances. James was a good man, but slowly dark side of his nature asserted itself. He serves in France during the Great War to make money. But the war comes to an end. He returns to his family. Kathleen is dispatched to New York City to study opera, she gets pregnant and later finds a lesbian partner. James finds out and brings his daughter back. Soon he is widower and Kathleen dies while giving birth to the twins. Mercedes tries her best to be the mother of Frances and her niece Lily, Kathleen’s daughter. Ambrose, Kathleen’s son is killed by Frances accidentally. Frances goes completely off track and starts doing prostitution to make money for Lily. Frances also gets pregnant and stops prostitution. James dies later on and everything depends on Mercedes since Frances is in a big shock. Later on, Lily goes to New York and Frances dies. Mercedes sends Ambrose, France’s son to New York. * Sacrifices are made by a lot of people in the whole universe for the sake of people who they love. In Ann – Marie Macdonald’s Fall on Your Knees, James and his family sacrifice important things that they desire or want for the sake of their family. Through the use of characterization, symbols and diction, Macdonald shows that healthy sacrifices benefit everyone. Similarly in Hamlet by William Shakespeare, Sacrifice is shown throughout the play for the benefit of self or others that they love or want. This is also shown by Shakespeare by using the above elements, which proves that the sacrifices that are made for the benefit of everyone will lead to the happy ending. Characterization is used to show the decisions that are made for the benefits of other or self. In Fall on Your Knees, people make decisions that benefit others which have huge impact in their life, while in Hamlet, the decisions that are made are for the benefits of self for which someone else has to pay. * There are many characters in Fall on Your Knees that choose to live for the sake of others. One of them is Kathleen. Kathleen is a great singer who poses beauty and singing talent but she has no friends and is not even close to her mother. The only friend that she has is her father. She gave up everything that she could have just for the sake of her daddy. She wants to be singer just because her daddy wants her to be famous, so people can appreciate her talent. â€Å"At first she did it for daddy’s sake† (Macdonald 99). This shows that Kathleen gave up her whole childhood and teenage moments that she could have for herself for the sake of daddy. She never goes anywhere by herself. Later, James sends her to USA to study Opera. And she agrees without even saying anything. * Similarly her sister, Mercedes also sacrifices her educations and her future for the sake of family. Mercedes is a good girl who is taking the role of mother for her sisters. â€Å"Mercedes is so accustomed to doing everything for Daddy’s sake† (299). Mercedes does not tell her father about her dream of going to university. She knows that her father will be all alone if she leaves him. She buries her dream in her heart, so she stays home and takes care of the family. * Similarly in Hamlet, Hamlet sacrifices his future and his love for the sake of his father. He needs to take revenge. Hamlet is always sad and depressed since his father is no more. When he found that his uncle was the murderer of his father, he promised the ghost to take revenge for his father’s death. To accomplish his motive, he gave up the love of his life, Ophelia, so he can have no weaknesses. â€Å"You should not have believed me; for virtue cannot so/ inoculate our old stock but we shall relish of it. I loved you/ not. † (III. 1. 128-130). Hamlet is refusing that he never loved Ophelia. He also used her to confuse Claudius. * Kathleen has never got love from anyone else except her daddy, whose love also changes after coming from war. This causes her to crave for love. The crave for the love leads to many ironies such as her turning into a lesbian and eventually her death. However, this is not same for Mercedes. Even though Mercedes is not pursuing her education any further, she is learning to be a responsible women and she does not marry in the future because she needs to take care of her sisters and her father. She is gaining even though she is giving up something. Whereas, Hamlet’s sacrifice caused Ophelia to not trust Hamlet anymore and later on in the play, that lead to her death. * The other element that has been used is symbolism. Symbolism is used to show what each character has become because of the decisions that they choose to make. In both texts, there are a lot of symbols that represents the characters or the meaning of their life. * In fall on your knees, darkness is used to represent the sacrifices that the characters make without knowing the consequences. They do not know what lies ahead and what the result might be for taking that action. But, they continue to do it because they feel that they need to do it. The other symbol that is used is monster. It is used to represent Materia. It represents Materia because she has become a monster while searching for the happiness of the family. â€Å"Materia saw herself in a clear glass at last and it was Monstrous. † This shows that even she knows that she has turned into a monster. Materia thinks that she is happy without her daughter. She does not want her daughter to come back. She is ready to sacrifice her own daughter for the family’s happiness. This is similar to the monster since monsters are ready to eat their own children to fill their own stomach when needed. The other symbol that is used in the novel is scarecrow. Scarecrow is used to represent the memories that they had in the past. It was made by Materia. James tears it down because he does not want to remember his past since there had been a lot of incidents that have happened in his life. He wants to live without having to remember his past. * Similarly in Hamlet, sponge is used to represent Rosencrantz. Hamlet thinks that Rosencrantz is giving up his friendship to suck up to the King. He feels betrayed by his own friend. He calls Rosencrantz a sponge when he says â€Å"Besides, to be demanded of a sponge! † (IV. . 12). Since, he has become a messenger that acts as a carrier of messages and spills it in front of King, Rosencrantz collects all the information like a sponge collects water and spills it in front of a king, similar to how water spills off the sponge when it is squeezed. * In Fall on Your Knees, Materia meets her consequences when she was finally able to love Kathleen. She has to sacrifice Kathleen just so the twins can see the new world. As well as James lived a happy life in the future where he didn’t had to think about his past and died in peace. Similar to Materia, Rosencrantz is sent to England where he is to be executed with his friend, Guildenstern, as soon as he reaches there. * The last element that is used is diction. Diction is used to show the consequences of the sacrifices that are made by the characters for their benefit, where someone else pays the price of their sacrifice, or for the benefit of someone else, where they pay the price by themselves. The choices of their decisions give the characters several names in the both texts. * James is a widower. He has to take care of mother less children since his wife died. He needs to make money in the Great Depression time, so he does things that give him bad name. People in the town say â€Å"Mercedes’ father [James] was a bad man. A bootlegger. A scab. An enemy of this town† (232) He makes and sells illegal liquor in the town that gives him bad reputation. He is being called a â€Å"bootlegger†, â€Å"scab† and â€Å"enemy of the town† because of the illegal business that he does. But he does not care about what the other people say, because he needs to make money to support his family financially. He sacrifices his reputation in the town for the sake of family. Similarly, the business that Frances does is not giving her a good reputation that she wants. She becomes everything of Lily, her niece, whom she calls sister. Frances blames herself for Lily being disabled. She wants to make money for her, so she starts selling herself and becomes a stripper because she thinks that is the fastest way to make money. She becomes so bad that Camille calls her â€Å"The slut who lives only to dishonour the memory of poor Materia. † (316). This shows that Frances has been selling her stuff that she got bad reputation in the town. She does all this because she feels as if this is needed to do for the sake of Lily, since Frances thinks that Lily might need these money in future. * Similarly in Hamlet, Polonius does everything that he can to suck up to the King, no matter what happens. He is even ready to sacrifice his own daughter, Ophelia. This is one reason why hamlet calls him â€Å"Excellent well; you are a fishmonger† (II. 2. 190). Polonius is called a â€Å"fishmonger†, because he can sacrifice his own daughter to curry the King as much as he possibly can. He does this just to show how much he can be trusted. This keeps on hurting Ophelia and causes her to go through more pain even though Polonius is considered a trustable person by the king. * James dies without even having any friend because whatever he does for his family is affecting everyone in the town which makes the people in town hate him more. Similarly, Frances is never loved by anyone except Mercedes and Lily. At the end, the money comes to use of Lily, but to earn that money; Frances had to go through a lot of pain. Similarly, Ophelia goes through a lot of pain since she was being used by her father to curry the king. This attitude of sucking up to the King decides Polonius’s destiny and he gets killed. * In conclusion, there are a lot of different decisions that affect the whole novel later on. While some of them are good choices, some of them are bad that they decide to do for the sake of someone or self. This is shown by the use of narrative elements such as characterisation, symbolism and diction, which all show the choices that they made and the result of those choices. Even though we all make decisions and sacrifices in our life, one will learn whether the sacrifices that they made were worth of making or not after the sacrifice has been made.

Main Issues In Combined Freight Transportation Engineering Essay

The chief issues in combined freight transit can be classified into six chief classs as shown in Figure 1. These classs include histrions and cardinal participants, operations, ordinances and policies, substructure, Information and Communication Technology, and environmental issues. Figure: Main classs of combined conveyance Actors and cardinal participants could be categorized by the type of operator and the operational jobs. The assorted undertakings along the transit concatenation are largely executed by four operators that could be distinguished in drayage, terminus, web, and intermodal operator ( Moccia et al. , 2008 ) . The undermentioned subdivisions give some farther information about each of them.Drayage OperatorDrayage operators are responsible for transporting the cargo between shippers and consignees severally and within the terminus ( Puettmann and Stadtler, 2010 ; Macharis and Bontekoning, 2004 ; Caris et al. , 2008 ) . Normally they are send oning companies that receive petitions for conveyance and make all the necessary agreements to transport the burden from its beginning to its finish. Rail terminuss, port installations and shipper/third party installations comprise the drayage location. In each drayage location there are many independent drayage operators who compete with one another to supply drayage services utilizing their ain assets ( i.e. forces, tractors, dawdlers, human body and containers, whether borrowed, owned or rented ) or frequently sub-contracting with many independent owner-operators ( Nadan, 2003 ) . The bulk of drayage operators are close ports. At the port there is a high volume of containers ‘ reachings. When a container arrives at the port, the latter can be delivered to its finish by train or truck. Some of those containers are transported by rail to nearby rail paces for long-haul bringing by train. But the bulk of the containers is hauled by short-haul truck, called drayage, and is less than 100 kilometres ( Robert and Poole, 2007 ) . A drayage operator picks up an empty dawdler or container either at an empty terminal, at a terminus or at a consignee. Then the operator provides it to the shipper and the subsequent transit of a full dawdler or container to the terminus. Delivery operation involves the distribution of a full container or dawdler from the terminus to a consignee. Then it collects the empty container or dawdler and transports it to the terminus, an empty terminal, or the shipper. Trucks are able to divide the tractor and dawdler which allows two processs. In the â€Å" stay-with † process the tractor and the driver stay with the container/trailer during the loading/unloading. In the â€Å" drop-and-pick † process a full or empty trailer/container is dropped off the shipper/receiver. During loading/unloading continuance the tractor and driver are free to transport out other activities. Each drayage company faces jobs such as trip programming between shipper, terminuss and receiving system ( Wang and Regan, 2002 ; Imai et al. , 2007 ) . This job could be enlarged from the terminus demands, client ‘s pick-up and bringing times, realistic bounds on the length of the on the job twenty-four hours, and on-road travel times. The bulk of the cargos normally are known in progress. Nevertheless, sometimes tonss have to be reassigned due to traffic or some terminuss ‘ holds. But the general job of drayage operations is its cost effectivity. In malice of the comparatively short distance alternatively of long-haul rail or flatboat, drayage histories for 25-40 % ( Macharis and Bontekoning, 2004 ) of transit concatenation disbursals. As a effect it affects a batch the profitableness of the whole transit service. For work outing this job a drayage operator should make up one's mind to collaborate with other drayage companies without impacting though the seasonableness of operations.Terminal OperatorTerminal operator manages the modal displacement which take topographic points at the terminus and is responsible for the transshipment operations from flatboat to thrust ahead, route to inveigh or thrust ahead, or rail to inveigh ( Puettmann and Stadtler, 2010 ; Macharis and Bontekoning, 2004 ; Caris et al. , 2008 ) . Normally a terminal consists of a route, rail, and flatboat gate where trucks, trains, or flatboats severally enter and leave the terminus. There is a storage country for hive awaying the tonss for more than a twenty-four hours and the buffer country ( cross-docking ) , which is for short continuance storage. There is besides storage and conveyance equipment and lifting equipment for lading or droping the trains, trucks, and flatboats. Different operations have to be carried out for different types of burden units i.e. containers, swap-bodies, dawdlers or complete trucks. It is besides of import to advert that the operations are non the same for every manner of conveyance. In add-on, the equipment which is used has to be suited and cater to the demands of the burden units. Terminals can use different transshipments techniques, layouts, dimensions, operational schemes etc. An optimum operation terminus is the basic end for the terminus operator. That depends on the demand volume and the type of the exchange i.e. road-barge, road-rail, or rarely rail-rail or barge-barge or rail-barge. Exchange increases the entire conveyance cost and the lead clip in concatenation. Consequently, exchange operations need to be efficient and fast. Terminal operators have to do strategic, tactical, or operational determinations to run into the demands. At strategic degree terminus operator takes attention of the design of the terminus ( Ferreira and Sigut, 1995 ; Meyer, 1998 ; Rizzoli et al. , 2002 ; Ballis and Golias, 2004 ; Bontekoning, 2006 ; Vis, 2006 ; Rijsenbrij and Wieschemann, 2011 ) . At the tactical degree terminus operators take determinations about the needed capacity degrees of equipment and labor ( Kemper and Fischer, 2000 ; Kozan, 2000 ; Kulick and Sawyer, 2001 ; Huynh 2005 ) and the redesign of the operational modus operandis and layout constructions ( Voges et al. , 1994 ; MartA ±nez et al. , 2004 ) . Finally terminus operator has to make up one's mind at operational degree for resource allotment ( John Hargreaves, 1990 ) and scheduling of occupations ( Alicke, 200 2 ; Corry and Kozan, 2006 ; Gambardella et al. , 2001 ) .Network OperatorNetwork operator takes attention of the substructure planning ( strategic degree ) and long-haul transit ( Puettmann and Stadtler, 2010 ) . He is responsible for the organisation of rail or flatboat conveyance ( Macharis and Bontekoning, 2004 ; Caris et al. , 2008 ) . At tactical degree has to take determinations about agendas of service and pricing services and about day-to-day operations of the services at operational degree. Infrastructure determinations trade with the interconnectivity of the manners in order to accomplish combined conveyance ironss ( Crainic et al. , 1990 ; Loureiro, 1994 ; Southworth and Peterson, 2000 ; Klodzinski and Al-Deek, 2004 ; Tan et al. , 2004 ; Groothedde et al. , 2005 ; Parola and Sciomachen, 2005 ) and besides the location of terminuss ( Meinert et al. , 1998 ; Rutten, 1998 ; Arnold and Thomas, 1999 ; Groothedde and Tavasszy, 1999 ; Macharis and Verbeke, 1999 ; Van Duin and Van Ham, 2001 ; Arnold et al. , 2004 ; Macharis, 2004 ; Racunica and Wynter, 2005 ; Kapros et al. , 2005 ; Limbourg and Jourquin, 2008 ; Soerensen et al. , 2011 ) . In some states authorities normally take these determinations and considers for the impact of a capacity addition and the effects of price/cost additions or lessenings on the usage of the different substructure webs. On the other manus, private sector hunts for the optimum location of terminuss and the authorities supports the most interesti ng investings. At tactical degree a web operator, foremost, has to find what sort of services itwill offer. Ithas to alter the attack of long draw conveyance services from travel on demand to a fix service agenda which has to be planned several months or a twelvemonth in progress. For accomplishing this end the operator has to make up one's mind what consolidation web to utilize i.e. a point-to-point web, a line web, a hub-and-spoke web and a trunk-collection-and-distribution web ( Janic et al. , 1999 ; Newman and Yano, 2000a ; Newman and Yano, 2000b ) . A 2nd tactical determination for a web operator is the type of production theoretical account, that is, how to run the trains and the flatboats. This involves determinations about the frequence of service, train length, capacity planning of equipment and allotment of equipment to paths ( Nozick and Morlok, 1997 ; Choong et al. , 2002 ; Lin and Chen, 2004 ; Li and Tayur, 2005 ) . In add-on, pricing scheme determinations has to be considered at this degree. Pricing a combined conveyance merchandise is a truly complicated issue. It requires an accurate cost computation and penetration in the market state of affairs as many histrions are related to the assorted parts of the combined conveyance concatenation ( Tsai et al. , 1994 ; Yan et al. , 1995 ; Li and Tayur, 2005 ) . Finally, at the operational degree, web operator has to take daily direction determinations. Mostly it has to pull off the fleet as the burden order of the flatboats and trains ( Feo and Gonzalez-Velarde, 1995 ; Powell and Carvalho, 1998 ) , redistribution of railway cars or push flatboats ( Chih and new wave Dyke, 1987 ; Chih et al. , 1990 ) , and the burden units. A typical job in combined road/rail conveyance is the assignment of a set of dawdlers and containers to the available flatbeds that can travel this equipment. This job is rather complex as there are different types of flatbeds, and many types of dawdlers and containers.Intermodal OperatorIntermodal operators are users of the intermodal substructure and services, and carry on the optimum path choice of cargos through the whole intermodal web ( Puettmann and Stadtler, 2010 ; Macharis and Bontekoning, 2004 ; Caris et al. , 2008 ) . Intermodal operators organize the transit of cargos on behalf of shippers. Intermodal operators buy the services offered by drayage, web, and terminal operators. At the operational degree they choose paths and services in bing intermodal webs ( Min, 1991 ; Barnhart and Ratliff, 1993 ; Boardman et al. , 1997 ; Ziliaskopoulos and Wardell, 2000 ; Erera et al. , 2005 ) . Taking such a determination is more complex than routing jobs of route draw. In route draw least dearly-won or less clip devouring path is more preferred. But in combined conveyance there is a big assortment of combinations of transit manners. So a average pick job has to take into history specific cargo volumes and specific clip restraints.Regulations & A ; PoliciesThe current policy of the European Commission requires that conveyance systems should be able to turn without serious negative impact on the environment, every bit good as on economic and societal costs. However, the sustainability of the European conveyance system faces some barriers such as: mutual exclusiveness of substructure, turning CO2 emanations from conveyance, dependance on fossil fuels, altering forms in mobility, low safety, lifting congestions, and charges and monetary values deformations ( REFERENCE ) .Incompatible substructureEurope consists of many states and as a consequence, the bulk of the bing substructure has been designed to function national instead than European economic system. This state of affairs created deficiency of comprehensive criterions on substructure design, traffic direction, power supplies and informations exchange. Since now more than 400 billion euros have been spent for developing Trans-European conveyance webs ( TEN-T ) ( REFERENCE ) . But still there are chief deficits in substructure as transalpine tunnels, rail corridors, intermodal nodes for rail and sea or air conveyance, and IT substructure to back up intermodal conveyance. Poor Trans-Europe substructure in combination with deficiency of i nternational cooperation consequences to the undermentioned inefficiencies ( Impact Assessment, 2010 ) : Lack of joint traffic prognosiss taking to differing investing programs ; Disconnected or even contradictory timelines ; Lack of joint investings computation and joint fiscal constructions ; Incompatible proficient features ; Inadequate joint direction of cross-border substructure undertakings. For sustainable substructure programs there are some actions to be taken. The list below shows some of them. Joined investings programs Coordinated land planning Further development of TEN-T web Open criterions for information exchange systems Open criterions for design of substructureTurning Greenhouse Gas emanationsTransport sector has greatly increased its activity for the last twosome decennaries now. The growing rate of GHG emanations in conveyance is higher than any other sector comparing to 1990. Harmonizing to the information of European Environment Agency in twelvemonth 2010, conveyance is accounted for 19.7 % of entire GHG emanations in EU-27, as it is shown in Figure 2.This growing of conveyance activities concerns for its environmental sustainability. The energy efficiency is increasing but the gait of betterments is non sufficient to make sustainable conveyance in Europe. Figure: GHG emanations by sector ( Source: EU statistical pocketbook 2012 ) The EU White Paper on Transport, ( 2011 ) refers that European committee has set specific ends. The first end of new conveyance policy is to maintain the conveyance turning and support mobility while accomplishing the end of 60 % GHG emanations decrease by 2050 comparing to 1990 degree. In order to accomplish this end the European Commission has defined ten ends for a competitory and resource efficient conveyance system which benchmarks for accomplishing the 60 % GHG emanation decrease mark ( see extensively in White Paper, 2011, pp. 9-11 ) . In general, actions that should be taken towards the rejuvenation of cargo conveyance are as follows: bing engineerings have to be replaced by green engineerings ; use of electric autos is preferred, phasing out â€Å" conventionally-fueled † vehicles from urban countries ; decrease of C in maritime and air power conveyance.Dependence on fossil fuelsConveyance is still 97 % dependant on fossil fuels ( REFERENCE ) . Since now Transport has non reduced significantly its GHG strength by exchanging to cleaner energy beginnings. European Union has adopted a adhering mark of a 10 % portion of renewable energy beginnings in conveyance by 2020 ( Directive, 2009 ) as portion of the clime alteration and energy bundle. Switching to greener vehicles will necessitate the development of alternate fuelling/charging substructure. Another of import action is concentrating on research in cost-efficient renewable fuels. The new green engineerings for green vehicles are important, so there is a demand for shorter design-to-market rhythms.Low safetyOne of the objects included in the EU White Paper ( 2001 ) , was to halve casualties in route conveyance by 2010. This end has non been achieved although different actions had been taken in many Member States. In air power sector was implemented a set of common, unvarying and compulsory statute law covering all the cardinal safety elements: airdrome care, airdrome direction, operations of air traffic direction systems. The most advanced regulative models for safety and pollution bar was established by EU in maritime sector. Another job is that European conveyance corridors are common for cargo and rider conveyance. This has caused many accidents with a consequence of over 40000 accident human deaths until 2000 ( White Paper, 2001 ) . For cut downing the sum of human deaths, EU has to take some steps i.e. dividing lading and rider corridors. Signing systems has besides to be improved and new vehicles safety systems to be implemented.Rising congestionRoad conveyance is the chief manner for goods motion. Harmonizing to the European Commission the portion of route conveyance is 73 % , somewhat decreased by 3.9 % from 2009 ( Road Freight Transport Vademecum, 2010 ) . At the same clip the portion of rail is merely 17 % with inland waterways and oil grapevines accounting for 5 % each ( Road Freight Transport Vademecum, 2009 ) .The congestion in urban countries and on the cardinal theodolite roads works as a barrier for the current capacity of conveyance webs run intoing the turning demand. The dependability of route conveyance suffers and the clip length of journeys is acquiring longer. Besides some airdromes are really engorged. For work outing this job, European Commission published the 2001 White Paper on European Conveyance Policy. The thought was to cut down that congestion by switching from route onto rail, waterways or short-sea transportation. In add-on, great accent is given on the usage of intermodal conveyance. Furthermore, harmonizing to the EU statistical pocketbook ( 2012 ) , route conveyance is the less environment friendly mode as it causes 71.7 % of entire GHG emanations. For that ground route conveyance has to go greener and more efficient excessively. New vehicle engineerings, better substructure, fuel efficiency and â€Å" eco-driving † are needed. There is a demand of assisting solution for take downing the congestion by intelligent mobility and conveyance demand direction. There is still a deficiency of concerted systems based on vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure-communications that might in the longer term better well the efficiency of the traffic direction and relieve congestion ( Golinska and Hajdul, 2012 ) . In order to avoid addition in aviation congestion high-velocity rail should absorb much medium distance traffic. Another action is to increase the denseness of rail webs and make efficient and green cargo corridors. There is besides a demand for development of intermodal hubs and intermodal integrating of conveyance services.Mobility formsThe advancement in traveling traffic from route conveyance to other manners is still really limited. European Commission has tried a batch to convert companies to alter their organisation of logistics procedures and take into history when be aftering the impact of environment and society, but the consequences were negative. Entrepreneurs largely concern about the fiscal consequences and if there is non a strong statement of betterment, they are non interested in utilizing options to route conveyance manners. Therefore, it is deserving to observe that the pick of manners of conveyance straight affects some factors such as monetary value, the susceptibleness of the lading and the features of conveyance manners. Furthermore, sometime is impossible to utilize rail, inland waterway or intermodal conveyance. For work outing the above jobs, there is a demand for incorporate logistics systems which should be monitored enabling the co-modality, standardisation and interoperability across manners. Furthermore, a platform has to be created for linking the airdromes and ports with efficient rail services. Another action is the constitution of the model for European multimodal conveyance information, direction and payment system attractive frequences and comfort. Smart intermodal fining, with common EU criterions is another solution ( Golinska and Hajdul, 2012 ) .Monetary values and revenue enhancements deformationsThe distinction of monetary values for the usage of route in extremum and off-peak hours is really rarely. There is besides deficiency of inducements for use of more soundless vehicles, safer and more environment friendly manners of conveyance. Furthermore the congestion charges, which represent the cost of substructure scarceness, are non frequently imposed. On the other manus, conveyance system generates grosss for public budget including: Energy revenue enhancements ( 1.9 % of GDP ) coming from fuel revenue enhancements on route conveyance and private autos ( Eurostat, 2008 ) ; Vehicle revenue enhancements ( 0.6 % of GDP ) ; Tolls and charges for substructure usage. Although users pay a important sum, the monetary value frequently bears small connexion to the existent costs of conveyance in society. The rule â€Å" defiler wages † is non ever respected. The costs imposed on conveyance users do non reflect disbursals to keep and develop the substructure. Furthermore, the pricing system fails to maneuver the demand for most efficient and sustainable mobility picks. Therefore monetary values and revenue enhancements should be connected with sustainability. Local authoritiess have to self-finance the development and care of substructure giving besides incentives for local companies for use of intermodal conveyance. They besides have to follow purely the rules of â€Å" user wages † and â€Å" defiler wages † and extinguish the harmful subsidies. In add-on there is a demand of a regulative model and advanced fiscal instruments for unlocking the potency of private sector in co-financing substructure ‘s deployment and cares within public-private partnership ( PPP ) undertakings.InfrastructureTransport substructure is a cardinal component for the economic growing and development and it plays a cardinal function to increase the growing and occupations in Europe. An efficient substructure which warrants handiness could pull centres of production and ingestion and therefore impacts positively on the regional economic system. More eff icient substructures enable a better mobility for people and goods every bit good as a better connexion between parts. In add-on, planning, design and building of substructures have remained mostly unchanged over the last century ; therefore attending has to set besides on the research of new building stuffs processes with the purpose to introduce the sector. Research has to be concentrated on processs and stuffs that minimize nursery gas emanations, on design and planning that respect landscape and geographical diverseness whilst lending to decongestion major conveyance corridors, and on techniques that will guarantee longer life and reduces care intercessions.Road substructureEuropean Union has made great attempts to advance multimodality but route conveyance has still a turning tendency. For this ground there is an immediate necessity to increase route capacity and efficiency. Roads must be able to absorb the ongoing and increasing flow of vehicles and guarantee at the same clip an equal degree of safety. Such public presentations must be developed in largest portion on bing webs. Therefore non me rely new building methods, but besides sustainable care of the bing web is paramount. Care of route substructure deserves a particular attending for two chief grounds. First, many accidents ( e.g. rollovers of HV or skidding of vehicles in general ) have caused due to the hapless status of route substructure. Second, care plants hinder and disrupt the bringing ‘s free flow therefore increasing their costs. For avoiding these two scenarios, more effectual and lasting care techniques are needed i.e. safe and efficient night-time operations. Furthermore, there is a demand for more fluid traffic flow to cut down vehicles emanations, as transit sectors accounts the biggest per centum of CO2 emanations ( Laura, V, 2008 ) . Some of the most of import roads are included in the Trans-European route web. It includes more than 65.100 kilometer expresswaies and 5.000.000 kilometers paved roads ( Steer Davies Gleave, 2009 ) , whether bing, new or to be adapted which: Play an of import function in long-distance traffic Bypass the chief urban centres on the routed identified by the web Provide interconnectedness with other manners of conveyance Link landlocked and peripheral parts of the Union Beyond these, this web guarantees users a high, unvarying and uninterrupted degree of services, comfort and safety ( Bergmans, L, 2009 ) .Sea and river portsHarmonizing to ( CIA, 2011 ) in European Union there are 24 oversea ports. The most of import one is the Port of Rotterdam which is the largest one and located in the metropolis of Rotterdam. Such havens can function at their quayside deep-sea vass with a loading capacity of more than 8.000 container units ( TEU ) . Smaller regional ports are linked with the oversea ports by Feeder vass which have capacity up to 1.200 TEU. Inland flatboats are used to transport containers into the backwoods on rivers and channels and they are besides served by Cranes. Ports can be divided into two subdivisions: riders and lading. The latter one normally offers terminal installations. Such terminuss consist of two external interfaces. These interfaces are the quayside with burden and unloading of ships, and the landside where the containers are loaded and unloaded on/off trucks and trains. When a container vas arrives at the port, it is assigned to a position equipped with Cranes to lade and unload containers. At the instance of RoRo vass, trucks with their lading issue from the inclines. Unloaded import containers are transported to yard places near to put where they will be transshipped following. Containers geting by railroad or route are managing within the truck and train operation country ( Steenken et al. , 2004 ) . Seaport terminal.jpg Figure: Container terminus system ( Beginning: Steeken et al. , 2004 ) At every port terminus there is managing equipment such as Cranes, conveyance agencies and helping systems. The quay Cranes for lading and droping ships play a polar function. There are two types of quay Cranes: single-trolley Cranes and dual-trolley Cranes. Crane drivers are supported by a semi-automatic guidance system. These Cranes can function around 50 boxes per hr, while in operation the public presentation is about 25 boxes per hr. A 2nd class of Cranes is applied to tonss. There are either rail mounted gauntry Cranes ( RMG ) which are more stable, or rubber tired gauntries ( RTG ) which are more flexible, and over-head span Cranes which are mounted on concrete or tip pillars. At port terminuss there is besides a assortment of vehicles for the horizontal transit both for the ship-to-shore transit and the landside operation. The first category of vehicles is these which are non able to raise containers i.e. trucks with dawdlers, multi- dawdlers and automatic guided ( AGV ) ( Vis and Harika, 2004, Yang et al. , 2004 ) . Transport vehicles of the 2nd category are those which are able to raise containers i.e. Straddle bearers, forklifts, and range stackers. The first 1 is the most of import because it can besides stack containers in the pace. Last but non least are the helping systems which help for the organisation and optimisation of the work flow. Such systems are communication systems and positioning systems. Terminal operators support a really frequent communicating with external parties like agents, transporting lines, truck and rail companies, forwarders, governmental governments like imposts, waterway constabulary and others. The communicating is based on international criterions ( EDIFACT ) and every alteration of lading position is communicated between the several parties ( Steeken et al. , 2004 ) .Rail substructureHarmonizing to ( Steer Davies Gleave, 2009 ) in TEN-T web there are more than 212.000 kilometer of rail lines, out of which about 110.500 kilometers are electrified and the cargo conveyance trains could make a length up to 750 m. There are besides many road-rail container terminuss which support this web. Such terminuss include: Gates, internal route web, Loading and driving lanes for the trucks, Storage or buffer lanes for IntermodalTransportUnits, Transshipment paths ( besides called as burden paths ) for the train loading/unloading operations, and Rail turnouts for train/wagon storage, marshalling and review The equipment which seems to rule among conventional equipment is reach stackers and rail-borne gauntry Cranes. On little terminuss reach stacker is the major mean for raising, managing, transporting, and stacking ITUs. This is due to the low cost and flexibleness that offers ( Ballis and Golias, 2001 ) . Unlike rider terminuss, rail cargo paces do non hold to be so centrally located because of the great trade of infinite for multiple paths for marshaling. Rail paces, could pull fabricating activities able to utilize distribution capablenesss of rail, and therefore go industrial zones. In add-on, rail cargo terminuss perform four major maps ( Rodrigue et al, 2009 ) : Majority: These rail terminuss are linked with extractive industries such as agribusiness, excavation and wood merchandises. Grain lifts are normally used to hive away, blend, and burden grain into railway cars. Roll on/ Roll off: Vehicles are rolled in a railway car utilizing a incline. This operation requires a big sum of parking vehicles. Intermodal: The map of burden and droping unitized cargo from railway cars demands specific intermodal equipment. Shunting: The map of piecing, screening and breakage of cargo trains. Trains can be composed of up to about 100 railway cars. The major job of cargo conveyance in European Union are the obstructions its faces on cross-border traffic. For case, the most dramatic grounds of such barriers is different path gages, electricity supply and the signaling systems. The deployment of ERTMS, the European signaling system, is come oning easy ; so far, merely discontinued subdivisions of lines are equipped, and engines still need to be to boot equipped with national systems. Furthermore, the length of trains is non harmonized across Europe. Another job is the deficiency of efficient and effectual intermodal terminuss, different service degrees across manners, deficiency of criterions, and losing substructure links, particularly across boundary lines ( Impact Assessment, 2010 ) .Freight VillageIn international bibliography, the term â€Å" nodal centre † or â€Å" freight nodal terminus † is encountered with assorted names: â€Å" Cargo Villages † ( United Kingdom ) , â€Å" Platformes Multimodales/L ogistiques † ( France ) , â€Å" Logistics Park, Interporto † ( Italy ) , â€Å" Gueterverkehrszentren † ( Germany ) ( Tsamboulas and Dimitropoulos, 1999 ) . The first cargo small towns were created in France around 1960 and subsequently appeared besides in Italy and Germany, Netherlands, Belgium, and the United Kingdom ( Kapros et. al. , 2005 ) . A freight small town is the hub of a specific country where all the activities associating to transport, logistics and goods distribution – both for national and international theodolite – are carried out, on a commercial footing, by assorted operators ( Ballis and Mavrotas, 2007, Pal otas, and Bazaras, 2004, Afandizadeh and Moayedfar, 2007 ) . It is noted that â€Å" intermodal † or â€Å" multimodal † terminuss constitute a chief constituent of nodal centres for goods where the transshipment of goods from one manner to the other takes topographic point. However, freight small towns reflect to a modern manner of forming logistics, conveyance and goods distribution activities. Normally provides subsidiary installations such as warehouses, distribution centres, storage countries, offices, truck services, bank, postal, insurance services and in certain instances Customs substructures ( Europlatforms, 2004 ) . In add-on, a cargo small town located in the locality of a big metropolis may supply an efficient solution to urban conveyance jobs including traffic congestion, regional competiveness, and quality of life. The cost of land acquisition and cargo small town buildings every bit good as with distribution systems and operations of storage is high plenty. For this ground, such an investing has to take attention of all related facets that include site location choice, site-level layout planning and warehouse design facets.Warehouse and cross-docking countriesCross-docking services are chiefly used by many companies in different industries ( e.g. retail houses and less-than-truckload ( LTL ) logistics suppliers ) . The thought behind cross-docking is to reassign incoming cargos straight to surpassing vehicles without the procedure of storage between these two operations. The end of this service is to consolidate the cargos, to cut down the bringing lead clip and costs, etc. The function of cross-docking in industry even seems to increase ( Boysen and Fliender, 2010, Apte and Viswanathan, 2000, Saddle Creek Corp. , 2011 ) . Cross-docking can be describes as the procedure of consolidating cargo with the same finish ( but coming from several beginnings ) , with minimum handling and small or no storage between droping and burden of the goods ( Belle et al. , 2012 ) . The focal point on cross-docking services is now on the transshipping, non keeping cost. On the other manus, warehousing includes four major maps: receiving, hive awaying, picking, despatching. Storage and picking are the normally the most dearly-won. Storage is expensive due to the stock list handling costs and picking due to labour intensive. Goods can be stored for several yearss or even hebdomads, alternatively of approximately 24h as many writers say in cross-docking ( Bartholdi and Gue, 2004, Li et al. , 2004, Vahdani and Zandieh, 2010, Wen et al. , 2009 ) . But many organisations use a mixture of warehousing and cross-docking to unite the benefits of both attacks. A terminus which its chief installations are for cross-docking is called cross-dock. Most cross-docks are long, narrow rectangles ( I-shape ) , but other forms are besides used ( L, T, X, aˆÂ ¦ ) ( Bartholdi and Gue, 2004 ) . There is no particular substructure to present cargo, a ‘strip door ‘ where the cargo is unloaded, and a ‘stack door ‘ where the cargo is loaded on the outbound trucks. The advantages of a cross-dock ( Belle et al. , 2012 ) are the undermentioned: Cost decrease ( warehousing costs, stock list costs, managing costs, labour costs, transit costs ) ; Shorter bringing lead clip ( from provider to consignee ) ; Improved client service ; Faster stock list turnover ; Decrease of storage infinite ; Fewer overstocks ; Reduced hazard for loss and harm ; Consolidation cargos ; Improved resource use ( e.g. full truckloads ) ; Better lucifer between shipment measures and existent demand. The advantages make cross-docking an interesting logistic scheme that can give companies considerable competitory advantages.EnvironmentTransport contributes significantly to general economic development. However, conveyance has negative influences on wellness and the environment, notably through air pollution, route traffic hurts, traffic noise, psychological and societal impacts, land usage and possibilities for physical activity ( WHO, 1999 ) . Harmonizing to ( UNECE/WHO Europe, 2004 ) , policy has besides focused on the function of conveyance on clime alteration.Air pollutionThe conveyance sector contributes about 25 per cent of the air pollution burden, most of it from vehicles. Air pollution is responsible for many symptoms and diseases. It leads to increased mortality ( premature deceases ) , increased admittances to hospital for respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, increased frequence of respiratory symptoms and usage of medicine by people with asthma, and reduced lung ma p ( WHO Europe, 1995 ) . It besides reduces life anticipation. Ozone ( O3 ) , airborne particulate affair ( PM ) and lead ( Pb ) are the transport-related pollutants that pose most concerns, but sulfur dioxide ( SO2 ) , nitrogen dioxide ( NO2 ) , C monoxide ( CO ) , lead scavengers and assorted carcinogens are besides noteworthy. In EU states life anticipation is estimated that it is shortened by 8.6 months by air pollution ( UNECE/WHO Europe, 2009 ) and at 2000 about 350,000 lives lost due to exposure to air pollution ( WHO Europe, 2005 ) . WHO has set an air-quality guideline degree at 20 I?g/m3. However, harmonizing to ( ENHIS, 2007 ) exposure degrees to PM10 ( Particulate affairs with diameter less than 10 I?g ) varied from 13 to 14 I?g/m3 ( Finland, Ireland ) to 53 to 56 I?g/m3 ( Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia ) . The study of ( ENHIS, 2007 ) besides summarized that 89 % of people in European part are exposed to more than the WHO ‘s bound and around 14 % of population exceeds the EU bound value of 40 I?g/m3.NoiseWHO guidelines limit noise degrees for residential countries to 55 dubnium ( A ) during the twenty-four hours and to 45 dubnium ( A ) during the dark ( WHO, 1999 ) . Conveyance is the most of import beginning of community noise across Europe. Approximately 30 % of the EU-15 population is exposed to degrees of route traffic noise of more than 55 dubnium ( A ) . In general, the WHO guidelines for noise are frequently exceeded in South East Europe on route with high traffic tonss ( UNECE/WHO Europe, 2009 ) . But noise is emanating non merely from the motion of conveyance vehicles but besides from the operations of ports, airdrome and rail paces. Break of communicating, damage of hearing, and bad sleep quality can be effects of noise. Continuous noise above 30 dubnium ( A ) and indoor noise above of 45dB ( A ) can impact sleep quality, cause weariness and reduced public presentation. Prolonged or inordinate exposure to resound ( e.g. 65-70 dubnium ( A ) ) can do lasting medical conditions such as high blood pressure ( Berglund et al. , 1999 ) . European Commission aims are to guarantee a high degree of wellness and environmental protection and at the same time to safeguard internal market for motor vehicles. To accomplish this Commission ‘s proposal foresees a entire decrease of 4 dubnium ( A ) for light vehicles and 3 dubnium ( A ) for heavy vehicles ( European Commission, 2011 ) . This measure will be introduced from 1 January 2015.Energy usageMotorized conveyance depends on fossil fuels, e.g. oil merchandises, which account for more than 98 % of the conveyance sector ‘s energy ingestion. Alternatively of fossil fuels, there are besides other prevailing options, such as biogas, H, electricity, and intercrossed vehicles. However, there is besides a strong trust on fossil fuels. As a consequence, GHG emanations from conveyance are closely tied to transport demand ( BRRT, 2007c, Woodcock et al. , 2007 ) . Since the terminal of 1990s, energy ingestion has been increasing across Europe. Coal is more competitory than the high gas monetary values. This tendency may go on if no extra policies and steps are implemented ( BRRT, 2007d ) . The ratio of addition from 1990-2000 is 2 % which is equal to 365 Mtoe ( million dozenss oil equivalent ) in 2000 ( some 35 % of all energy usage ) . As a effect, the more energy is consumed the more CO2 emanations from conveyance are produced. In add-on, energy ingestion per capita for conveyance is 2 or 4 times higher in Western Europe than in the other European parts ( UNECE/WHO Europe, 2009 ) . Harmonizing to International Energy Agency, conveyance sector consumed 42 % of the oil in 1973 and this portion climbed to 61.5 % in 2010. But in recent old ages oil monetary values have increased and this crated the demand to utilize more energy efficient manners. The two most energy efficient manners for freight transit are rail and maritime conveyance. Inland waterways besides provide an energy efficient method for transporting ladings. For illustration, a tow boat traveling a typical burden of 15 flatboats is tantamount to 225 railway cars or 870 truckloads ( Rodrigue et al, 2009 ) . Furthermore, oil militias are shriveling, costs of crude oil are increasing and the demand to cut down emanations of harmful pollutants is now more imperative. For this ground, the solution of alternate fuels in the signifier of non-crude oil resources is needed. The most prevailing options being consider are: Biogas such as ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol and biodiesel can be produced from the agitation of nutrient harvests ( sugar cane, maize, cereals, etc. ) or wood-waste. Hydrogen which is produced by electrolysis of H2O or by pull outing it from hydrocarbon Electricity which is stored in a pure battery Hybrid vehicles dwelling of propulsion system utilizing an internal burning engine supplemented by an electric motor and batteries, which provides chances uniting the efficiency of electricity with the long drive scope of an internal burning engine. Monetary value of oil will surely go on to increase, as there are serious restrictions of non-fossil fuels in the transit sector.Climate alterationClimate alteration is already impacting human wellness, by doing new hazards and force per unit areas such as nutrient deficits and hungriness, change of H2O resources and harm to physical substructure ( peculiarly by low-lying rise and utmost conditions events such as inundations, heat moving ridges etc. ) . Harmonizing to UNECE C dioxide ( CO2 ) is non a pollutant but a nursery gas which contributes chiefly to planetary heating effects holding a prevailing portion of 55 % . ( OECD/ITF, 2008 ) and which is associated to climate alteration. As it is shown in Figure 12 conveyance sector ‘s portion of GHG emanations is about 30 % . Conventional engines besides produce other emanations such as methane ( CH4 ) , azotic oxide ( N2O ) , and ozone ( O3 ) which are besides responsible for the nursery phenomenon.

Carbohydrate-electrolyte sports drinks- do they enhance athletic performance The WritePass Journal

Carbohydrate-electrolyte sports drinks- do they enhance athletic performance Introduction Carbohydrate-electrolyte sports drinks- do they enhance athletic performance Introduction  Aim of Sports Drinks  Types of Sports DrinksStudies on Carbohydrate-Electrolyte Sports DrinkConclusionReferences:Related Introduction All athletes, whether it be trained or untrained, should ingest fluids before, during and after training or competition in order to achieve optimal euhydration. Fluids are required to prevent dehydration (loss of 2% body weight) and excessive electrolyte loss which leads to impaired exercise performance, fatigue and physiologic function, with 3% dehydration increasing the risk of developing an exertional heat illness (e.g. heat cramps, exhaustion or heat stroke (Casa, 2000). Fluids also provide a carbohydrate source to prevent the depletion of the body’s stores (Maughan 1994) – thus the composition of fluids is crucial. The amount and rate of fluid replacement will depend on a variety of factors – individual athlete’s sweat rate; exercise duration; exercise intensity; environmental factors; acclimatization state and the sport dynamics for example opportunities to drink and access to fluids (Casa, 2000). The absorption of fluid into the body depends on the speed at which it is emptied from the stomach and the rate at which it is absorbed through the walls of the small intestine. The higher the level of fluid in the stomach, the more gastric emptying is encouraged.   Aim of Sports Drinks Sports drinks aim to provide a number of different functions including provision of substrate, prevention of dehydration, electrolyte replacement, pre-exercise hydration and post-exercise rehydration (Maughan, 1998). The functional characteristics of a sports drink can be manipulated by altering the different variables which include carbohydrate content: concentration and type; osmolality; electrolyte composition and concentration; flavouring components; and other active ingredients (Maughan, 1998). Composition of Sports Drinks The major components of sports drinks are carbohydrates and electrolytes. Evidence suggests that the only electrolyte that should be added to sports drinks is sodium (Maughan, 1994). Sodium does not have a direct impact on physical performance but has a number of essential functions including maintaining plasma osmolality (Below et al, 1995), encouraging voluntary fluid intake (Passe, 2001) and reducing urine output (Vrijens Rehrer, 1999). Present in small amounts, sodium helps to quicken the rate of gastric emptying and increases the rate of fluid absorption into the intestine. Sodium concentration in sweat and plasma are 10.0-70.0mEq/l and 135.0-148.0mEq/l respectively (Latzka Montain, 1999, Costill, 1984). Athletes have a sweat rate of around 1litre/hour during exercise which increases in higher temperatures (Brouns F Kovacs E). It is important to remember that sweat rates and sweat electrolyte content vary between each individual athlete (Sawka, 2007). Carbohydrates are the ma in energy source during exercise and are stored as glucose in the liver and muscles. Consuming sports drinks containing a carbohydrate source helps to maintain the body’s glycogen stores and prevent glucose levels from falling too low. However, high concentrations of carbohydrate in the drink slow the rate of gastric emptying (Merson el al, 2002).   Types of Sports Drinks There are three types of sports drinks, all of which contain various levels of fluid, carbohydrates and electrolytes (usually 10-25mmol/l of Sodium) – (i) Isotonic drinks contain fluid, electrolytes and 6 to 8% of a carbohydrate source. These empty from the stomach at a rate similar to water and quickly replace fluids lost by sweating and supply a boost of carbohydrate. Isotonic drinks are the drink of choice for most athletes for example in middle and long distance running and team sports. In the Position Stand by the American College of Sports Medicine Position 2007, isotonic drinks are recommended for events lasting longer than one hour .(ii) Hypotonic drinks contain fluid, electrolytes and a low level of carbohydrate and quickly replace fluids lost by sweating. This is suitable for athletes who need fluid without the boost of carbohydrate e.g. jockeys and gymnasts. A study by Bonneti and Hopkins 2010, found that the ingestion of a hypotonic drink enhanced performance simil ar to that of an isotonic drink, suggesting that hypotonic drinks may be the preferred option for endurance performance of longer than an hour. More evidence is needed to prove this, but it seems that water is absorbed into the intestine more rapidly when using a hypotonic drink over an isotonic drink ( Bonneti Hopkins 2010) (iii) Hypertonic drinks contain fluid and high levels of carbohydrate. They are used to supplement daily carbohydrate intake to meet energy demands, particularly in ultra distance events were high levels of energy are required. They need to be used in conjunction with isotonic drinks to replace fluids. Studies on Carbohydrate-Electrolyte Sports Drink In an area of on-going research, many studies have been conducted with carbohydrate-electrolyte sports drinks and their effects on performance. Table 1 summarises the effect of these drinks when compared with placebos. Studies lasting longer than one hour, with the addition of carbohydrate to the drink, have shown to increase performance (Coyle, 2004). Events lasting less than one hour have shown to have no need for carbohydrate electrolyte sports drinks (Bonen et al 1981, Powers et al 1990).   However, a study by Murray et al 1989, found that drinks containing 8-10% carbohydrate delayed fluid absorption and gastric emptying whilst drinks containing 6% carbohydrate solution enhanced exercise performance after 1 hour.   When comparing a 15% carbohydrate-electrolyte solution to a 2% carbohydrate-electrolyte solution in a hot climate, it is in fact the 2% solution that increased performance and prevented fatigue (Galloway Maughan). There has been numerous studies conducted with hig h carbohydrate content solutions (above 10 %,) but this amount of carbohydrate content should ideally be used in carbohydrate loading only and not when looking to increase performance. Conclusion There is clear evidence that drinks, containing an energy source in the form of a carbohydrate and an electrolyte, have beneficial effects for athletes and improve performance (Convertino et al, 1996; Casa 2000) provided exercise duration is long enough to allow empting of the drink from the stomach followed by absorption into the intestine (Shirreffs, 2003).   It is important to remember, that every individual is different, and what suits one person in a given situation may not suit another, therefore customized fluid replacement programmes are advised (Maughan 1993). References: Below PR, Mora-Rodriguez R, Gonzalez-Alonso J Coyle EF (1995) Fluid and carbohydrate ingestion independently improve performance during 1 h of intense exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 27, 200–210. Bonen A, Malcolm SA, Kilgour RD, MacIntyre KP Belcastro AN (1981) Glucose ingestion before and during intense exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 50, 766-71. Bonetti DL Hopkins WG (2010) Effect of Hypotonic and Isotonic Sports Drinks on Endurance Performance and Physiology. Sportscience 14, 63-70. Brouns F Kovacs E (1997) Functional drinks for athletes. Trends in Food Science Technology 8, 414-420. Cade R, Spooner G, Schlein CA, Pickering M Dean R (1988) Effect of fluid, electrolyte, and glucose replacement during exercise on performance, body temperature, rate of sweat loss, and compositional changes of extracellular fluid. Journal of Sports Medicine 12, 150-6. Casa DJ (2000) National athletic trainer’s association position statement: fluid replacement for athletes. Journal of Athletic Training 35, 212-224. Converertino V, Armstrong L, Coyle E, Mack G, Sawka M, Senay L Sherman W (1996) American college of sports medicine position stand: exercise and fluid replacement. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 28, I-vii. Costill DL (1984) Sweating: its composition ad effects on body fluids. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 301, 160-174. Coyle EF (2004) Fluid and Fuel Intake during exercise. Journal of Sports Science 22, 39-55. Davis JM, Lamb DR, Pate RR, Slentz CA, Burgess WA Bartoli WP (1988) Carbohydrate-electrolyte drinks: effects on endurance cycling in the heat. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 48, 1023-30. Galloway SDR Maughan The effects of substrate and fluid provision on ermoregulatory and metabolic responses to prolonged exercise in a hot environment. Journal of Sports Science 18, 339-351. Latzka WA Montain SJ (1999) Water and electrolyte requirements for exercise. Clinics in sports medicine 18, 513-524. Maughan RJ (1993) Fluid replacement in sport and exercise – a consensus statement. British Journal of Sports Medicine 27, 34. Maughan RJ (1994) Fluid and electrolyte loss and replacement in exercise. In Oxford Textbook of Sports Medicine, pp82-93 [M Harries, C Williams, WD stanish LL Micheli editors]. Oxford: Oxford university press. Maughan RJ (1998) The sports drink as a functional food: formulations for successful performance. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 57, 15-23 Merson SJ, Shirreffs SM, Leiper JB, Maughan RJ (2002) Changes in blood, plasma and red cell volume after ingestion of hypotonic and hypertonic solutions. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. Millard-Stafford M, Rosskopf   LB, Snow TK Hinson BT (1997)Water versus carbohydrate-electrolyte   ingestion before and during a 15-km run in the heat. International Journal of Sports Nutrition 7, 26-38. 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Heres a Wide Pool of Topics for Exploratory Essays

Heres a Wide Pool of Topics for Exploratory Essays Are you struggling to find a good topic for your paper? Choosing or phrasing a topic for an exploratory essay can be a challenging task. You need to have a researchable topic for your paper. Alongside, you need to ensure that you can access good sources of information about it. Probably you have been trying hard to find a good topic for your paper. Worry no more because we are here for your assistance. In this article, we propose good exploratory essay topics related to the themes of health, education, and parenting. Feel free to use our suggested topics for your essays or ask our expert writers to generate a fresh, unique, and customized topic for your paper. How to Decide Interesting Exploratory Essay Topics Finding interesting topics for your paper is not easy. It is a skill that you have to master. Our guidelines will be definitely helpful for you in this regard. To begin with, think about the area you want to select your topic from. The range of fields is literally countless. Some of the fields you can choose the topic from include fitness, engineering, human body, psychology, food, traveling, and education. These are obviously broad categories. If your teacher gives you the leverage to choose topics for exploratory essay of your choice, and you come up with a paper on such broad categories, the teacher is not likely to welcome this approach. The prime reason behind this is that the field is too vast. A one-word topic anyway doesn’t qualify to be selected for a paper. Consider yourself as a reader of the paper rather than a writer for a moment. You’d like to spend time reading a paper that you know what it’s about. Will you care to read a paper titled ‘education’? Sure, you have tons of information about education already. Likewise, your paper’s readers will like to have a clear idea of what the content is about. So the key is to narrow it down. That brings us to the discussion of sub-categories. Talking about education, its sub-categories can be high-school education, college education, coeducation, virtual education, and home tuition. While you are free to choose the sub-category, you still need to identify interesting and at the same time, academically strong topics within your selected sub-category. In this article, we share with you best exploratory essay topics for three areas – health, education, and parenting. We’ll start by identifying sub-categories for each of these areas, and then you can read five topics. Five Best Topics for Paper Writing On Health Health is an outstanding field to select your topic from. That’s because there’s a lot of room for research work in this area. Medical research papers represent a significant proportion of academic articles. Sub-categories for the field of health can be animal rights as subjects of medical testing, sleep, diet, and the aging process. Here are five suitable college exploratory essay topics related to health: Are mobile phones safe for our ears? The workout is beneficial for blood circulation. The demerits of being a vegetarian. How much sleep is too little sleep? How does the aging process start? Five Easy Paper Topics Related to Education Education is one of the best topics to write a paper on. It is the favorite subject of exploration for most teachers. Some of its sub-categories are online education, knowledge, and spiritual education. Find five good topics for an exploratory essay on it below: Coeducation prepares students for professional life challenges. Can we get educated without attending schools? How is online education different from campus studies? Can schools do spiritual counseling of students? What is the minimum education every person should get? Top Five Paper Topic Ideas On Parenting Parenting is a fascinating and important subject for exploration. Its sub-categories include single parenting, blended families, and gay marriages. Here are five interesting topics to write an exploratory essay on: Nuclear family structure is the best for effective parenting. Parents should never scold their children. Gay parents’ children’s understanding of intimacy. Should children be forced to accept the parents’ religion? How parenting changes a person? The Do’s and Don’ts of Exploratory Essay Topics for College Students As you select the topic of your paper, feel free to phrase it as a question or a statement. You might have observed that the topics we have suggested include both questions and statements. While deciding on a topic, the writers should take care of the following things: Make your topic-specific and narrow. Find a topic that discusses the unique aspect of an area. Read the topic at least three times to ensure that it’s easily understandable. Alongside, there are certain things you don’t want to include while writing your topic. We have created a list of them. While thinking your paper’s title: Don’t make the title longer than 70 characters, including spaces. Don’t use difficult vocabulary in your topic. Don’t insert commas in the topic. Still Need Help? You Can Count On Our Guru’s Assistance We’re sure you will find our suggested easy exploratory essay topics interesting. However, it’s possible that you are writing a paper on an area other than the topics we have discussed on. Let’s say you want to select the topic from the field of technology, and you didn’t find topic suggestions for it in this article. No problem! We can help you out. Place your order going through a simple process on our website. We’ll instantly find a writer for you who is qualified in your own field. Our help is instant, so you will get the topic finalized and suggested within your stated deadline. Just let us know your desired area. Rely on us.

10 Fascinating Facts About Grasshoppers

10 Fascinating Facts About Grasshoppers Famed fable writer Aesop portrayed the grasshopper as a neer do well who fiddled away his summer days without a thought to the future but in the real world, the destruction wreaked by grasshoppers on farming and ranching is far from a harmless parable. Although grasshoppers are extremely common, theres more to these summertime critters than meets the eye. Heres a list of 10 fascinating grasshopper-related facts. 1. Grasshoppers and Locusts Are One and the Same When we think of grasshoppers, most people recall pleasant childhood memories of trying to catch the jumping insects in meadows or backyards. Say the word locusts, however, and it brings to mind images of historic plagues raining down destruction on crops and devouring every plant in sight. Truth be told, grasshoppers and locusts are members of the same insect order. While certain species are commonly referred to grasshoppers and others as locusts, both creatures are short-horned members of the order Orthoptera. Jumping herbivores with shorter antennae are grouped into the suborder Caelifera, while their longer-horned brethren (crickets and katydids) belong to the suborder Ensifera. 2. Grasshoppers Have Ears on Their Bellies The grasshoppers auditory organs are found not on the head, but rather, on the abdomen. A pair of membranes that vibrate in response to sound waves are located one on either side of the first abdominal segment, tucked under the wings. This simple eardrum, called a tympanal organ, allows the grasshopper to hear the songs of its fellow grasshoppers. 3. Although Grasshoppers Can Hear, They Cant Distinguish Pitch  Very Well As with most insects, the grasshoppers auditory organs are simple structures. They can detect differences in intensity and rhythm, but not pitch. The male grasshoppers song isnt particularly melodic which is a good thing since females dont care whether or not a fellow can carry a tune. Each species of grasshopper produces a characteristic rhythm that distinguishes its song from others and enables courting males and females of a given species to find one another. 4. Grasshoppers Make Music by Stridulating or Crepitating If youre not familiar with those terms, dont worry. Its not all that complicated. Most grasshoppers stridulate, which simply means that they rub their hind legs against their forewings to produce their trademark tunes. Special pegs on the inside of the hind leg act like a percussion instrument of sorts when they come in contact with the thickened edge of the wing. The band-winged grasshoppers crepitate or loudly snap their wings as they fly. 5. Grasshoppers Catapult Themselves Into the Air If youve ever tried to catch a grasshopper, you know how far they can jump to flee danger. If humans could jump the way grasshoppers do, we would be able to easily leap the length of a football field. How do these insects jump so far? Its all in those big, back legs. A grasshoppers hind legs function like miniature catapults. In preparation for a jump, the grasshopper contracts its large flexor muscles slowly, bending its hind legs at the knee joint. A special piece of cuticle within the knee acts as a spring, storing up all the potential energy. The grasshopper then relaxes its leg muscles, allowing the spring to release its energy and fling the insect into the air. 6. Grasshoppers Can Fly Because grasshoppers have such powerful jumping legs, people sometimes dont realize that they also have wings. Grasshoppers use their jumping ability to give them a boost into the air but most are pretty strong fliers and make good use of their wings to escape predators. 7. Grasshoppers Cause Billions of Dollars in Damage to Food Crops Annually One lone grasshopper cant do too much harm, although it eats about half its body weight in plants each day- but when locusts swarm, their combined feeding habits can completely defoliate a landscape, leaving farmers without crops and people without food. In the U.S. alone, grasshoppers cause about $1.5 billion in damage to grazing lands each year. In 1954, a swarm of Desert locusts (Schistocerca gregaria) consumed over 75 square miles of wild and cultivated plants in Kenya. 8. Grasshoppers Are an Important Source of Protein People have been consuming locusts and grasshoppers for centuries. According to the Bible, John the Baptist ate locusts and honey in the wilderness. Locusts and grasshoppers are a regular dietary component in local diets in many areas of Africa, Asia, and the Americas- and since theyre packed with protein, theyre an important nutritional staple as well. 9. Grasshoppers Existed Long Before Dinosaurs Modern-day grasshoppers descend from ancient ancestors that lived long before dinosaurs roamed the Earth. The fossil record shows that primitive grasshoppers first appeared during the Carboniferous period, more than 300 million years ago. Most ancient grasshoppers are preserved as fossils, although grasshopper nymphs (the second stage in the grasshopper lifestyle after the initial egg phase) are occasionally found in amber. 10. Grasshoppers  May Spit Liquid to Defend Themselves If youve ever handled grasshoppers, youve probably had a few of them spit brown liquid on you in protest. Scientists believe this behavior is a means of self-defense, and the liquid helps the insects repel predators. Some people say grasshoppers spit tobacco juice, probably because historically, grasshoppers have been associated with tobacco crops. Rest assured, however, the grasshoppers arent using you as a spittoon.

Linguistic Laureate Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Linguistic Laureate - Research Paper Example Born on September 25, 1897 in New Albany, Mississippi, named after Old Colonel - his great grandfather - the legendary American writer, nicknamed as Billy, was fond of story-telling since his childhood. According to one of his cousins, when Billy used to tell something, doubts were always present about whether it was true or something he had made up on his own (Oates 13). However, as many reviewers reckon, Faulkner’s life did not experience a pleasant start. He used to repel away from his peers at school since they did not like his ‘different’ style of dressing; a factor which might have later turned into him dropping out of school. As his age progressed to twenty, some significant characteristic dilemmas pronounced Faulkner’s personality - ranging from being socially eccentric, to a school dropout, to being a drunkard. To sum it up, the soon-to-become a legendary novelist had, then, no superior traits presumed to be in a person who inspires a vast number o f readers and followers. However, despite the ridicule and disdain, Faulkner rose above expectations and ensued to envelop with his magical writing approach, nearly every aspect of how the everyday human life was in the American South. Having been born in the Magnolia State, Faulkner had immense love for the Southern roots. His ties with Mississippi ran deep; his great grandfather, known more prominently as the Old Colonel, was a famous lawyer, novelist and rail road investor. Throughout his lifetime, Faulkner never went astray of his town, spending the majority of his life span in Mississippi and writing about his soil and the people there. With his growing age, the Old Colonel’s imagination and vision of the South started emerging in him (Shmoop Editorial Team). On the other hand, Faulkner’s fictional inscription skills are believed to have originated primarily from close company with the African-American nanny, Caroline Barr. Known to Faulkner and his siblings as Ma mmy Callie, Caroline Barr – the Oxford based nanny – was born into slavery and used to tell numerous stories regarding her sorrowful experiences to Faulkner; the roots wherefrom the Faulkner’s yet-to-be-created fictional world initiates. No wonder Faulkner had profound empathy for his nanny, apparent from the dedication of his 1942 novel Go Down, Moses to her (Shmoop Editorial Team). Faulkner remembered her as a person who gave his family loyalty, faithfulness and compassion without any cost and who gave to his childhood immense love and affection (Parini 19). Alongside creativity and fictional storytelling, Faulkner also ignited in himself a brawny passion for reading literature. Contrary to being an imaginative, always-pondering boy at home, Faulkner was not as good at school. Being mediocre in studies, getting regularly teased by his colleagues, distinguishing his passion for art and writing rather than guns and football made his stay at school difficult. Lik ewise, against his parents’ wishes, he dropped out from high school after the eleventh grade and went on to opt for a bookkeeper’s job. Only his first rhyme and verse lessons by Phil Stone, an aspiring poet in high school, were to prove fruitful of all what he carried with him out of the high school. Agreeing to what Cleanth Brooks writes, although William started his career as a poet but fate had planned something better for him. Hence, Faulkner soon realized that his major and most fruitful strength lay in his prose (Brooks 1). Falkner’s first ever short story that was published in a major magazine in April 1930 was â€Å"A Rose for Emily† - a story that revolves around Emily, a lady with a mysterious, veiled character which is the consequence of the town’

Report The impact of development management in Scotland Essay

Report The impact of development management in Scotland - Essay Example The needs of communities worldwide have been radically increased the last decades – the increase of the number of their population and the changes in the patterns/ style of life are considered to be the major reasons for the above outcome. The government in Scotland has produced the Planning Act 2006 aiming to support the spatial planning and development across the particular region – among other benefits also achieved through this legal text; in the above Act a new term, the development management, is introduced; this term replaces the previously used term ‘development control’; the aspects of development management are examined in this paper focusing on the value of this concept on the spatial planning process. The case of Local Development plan produced by the Aberdeenshire Council is used as an example to highlight the value of development management as an effective framework for creating effective spatial plans. The concept of development management has been introduced in order to respond to the increased needs for effective spatial development. In the past, the progress of spatial planning has been monitored using various policies taking into consideration the characteristics and the needs of each community; spatial development emphasizes on the integration of the relevant activities, i.e. the simultaneous development of various planning initiatives so that the improvement of the spatial structure of a specific region to be guaranteed. In this way, development management can lead to the increase of the effectiveness of the governmental policies in relation to the spatial development and control; the improvement of the relationship between the government and the local communities is then expected to follow. In order to understand the value of development management – especially in comparison to previous concepts, like the development control – it is necessary to refer

The Student Motor Company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

The Student Motor Company - Case Study Example In order to regain market prominence, the Student Motor Company launched a subcompact car Zinger. The concept of Zinger was approved and the study was conducted under the supervision of the management to maintain the code of ethics of the business. The research and development and preproduction testing of the automobile usually take 43 months but for Zinger it was just above 24 months. As Zinger was a rush project, design was given more importance than the mechanical aspects which is the major concern of the manufacturing firm. This act of the management demonstrated a lack of research and ignorance of quality. The crash test of Zinger displayed few issues which were to be resolved by the management for the safety of the people. It was noticeable that a moving barrier at 21 miles per hour caused the fuel neck to be torn from the tank which caused fuel leakage. This spilled fuel could enter the driver’s chamber causing fire to ignite, this was because of defect in the engineeri ng design. The crash test demonstrated that the gasoline tank can cause fire and turn the car into flames causing damage to the society. Moreover, the Zinger was not meeting the standard of emission which would pollute the environment and cause severe damage. The company did not follow the ethical practice of the business as it launched the product in the market with manufacturing defeats. The director of the company claimed that the improved design with more safety standards would increase the cost of the car and would not be able to meet the basic requirements of the people. The management knew the facts that the launch of the car could cause death and have a negative effect on the society but to regain its market share it launched Zinger with the lingering defeats. This was an unethical practice followed by the company which caused loss of life and severe damage to the individual in the car due to the fire (Fall 1-4). The stakeholders of the manufacturing firm are Mr. I.M.Good, t he Vice President of Car Engineering, Mrs. Lovely the group Vice President of the car engineering and Student Motor’s Product Planning Committee member. The production of the Zinger and the fault were known by the committee member; hence the code of ethics was not followed by the company (Fall 1-4). QUESTION 2 The ethical issues faced by the company created a negative impact in the market. The ethical issues faced by the company could have been resolved by following the basic ethics of the business. The first aspect which the company could have done was to focus more on the research and development of the subcompact car Zinger, before launching it in the market. Furthermore, the design should not have been the main area of concern but the technicality should have been the main focus. The committee member could have stopped the production of the car and stalled its sale in the market, when the preproduction test displayed several issues which could cause death. If the company would have used their ethics and sense of responsibility and stopped the manufacturing of the defective products, the life of succumbed person could have been saved. The management was aware of the consequences of the Zinger car but did not take any preventive measures to stop such unethical practices. The second ethical alternative could have been to maintain the standard of emission as indicated by Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The maintenance of the emission level is the responsibility of the manufacturer. The company violated the rule and launched the car without maintaining the standard. This act was a fraudulent act from the management point of view as the people would get to know about the emission after a year. The maintenance

Environmental issues and management processes introduced to deal with Essay

Environmental issues and management processes introduced to deal with such issues - Essay Example One of the most recognised environmental effects brought about by the automotive industry is pollution. Basically, pollution can be said to occur when the introduction of chemicals, gases, fumes or even odor is released to the atmosphere (Tyler and Scott 2009). These causes harm and discomfort to both humans and other living things. It also causes damage to both natural and man-made environments. It is through activities brought about by an automotive industry that the issue of global warming comes in. Therefore, this paper is going to assess some of these issues. 1.2 Background of the Study The automotive industry has seen an outstanding change on its structure and management in the late 1990s. Lately, the new approaches have continued to weaken the customary structure of the industry (Law 1991). This includes ways in which the industry can be structured in order to be environmental friendly. Production process has been witnessed which encourages invention of electric vehicles which are friendlier to the environment (Law 1991). Globally, the automotive industry has witnessed a tremendous growth particularly in China (Law 1991). Nevertheless, the industry is faced by much challenges ranging from organization matter to its effects on the environment. In order to have a clear attention to detail of such issues, the present paper carried out investigate on currently literatures on automotive industry and its effects on the environment as discussed in chapter two. 1.3 Statement of the Problem In the last two decades, the automotive industry has been linked to unfavorable environmental harms. One of the key concerns involves globalization. Globalisation is referred as â€Å"the process through which regional economies and societies became integrated... From this research it is clear that the automotive industry has seen an outstanding change on its structure and management in the late 1990s. Lately, the new approaches have continued to weaken the customary structure of the industry. This includes ways in which the industry can be structured in order to be environmental friendly. Production process has been witnessed which encourages invention of electric vehicles which are friendlier to the environment. Globally, the automotive industry has witnessed a tremendous growth particularly in China. Nevertheless, the industry is faced by much challenges ranging from organization matter to its effects on the environment. In order to have a clear attention to detail of such issues, the present paper carried out investigate on currently literatures on automotive industry and its effects on the environment as discussed in chapter two. In the last two decades, the automotive industry has been linked to unfavorable environmental harms. One of t he key concerns involves globalization. Globalisation is referred as â€Å"the process through which regional economies and societies became integrated into a common network that has universal coverage†. Contemporary globalisation comprises incorporation of political thoughts through communication, transportation and trade. Thus the automotive industry plays a crucial role in this situation. In China, similar to other leading players in the automotive industries, globalisation has seen economic growth while the adverse environmental effects increase day by day.

The necessity of human resource management Essay

The necessity of human resource management - Essay Example It helps in determination of objectives. No organization can succeed in its mission unless its objectives an identified and well denied. Management helps in achieving these objectives by the efficient use of resources. "Management is the art of getting things done through other people. Management is the dynamic, life-giving element in every business. Without it the resources of production remain resources and never become production." (Sharma, 2004) The people working in an organization are a valuable resource whose talents have to be developed and utilized in the best manner possible for the achievements of organizational objectives (Sherlekar, 1999). Meaningful personnel policy is based on the implied understanding that human resource constitutes the essential capital and assets of any business. Without this no business can prosper nor can it survive. The growth and success of the enterprise and the rate of human investment have positive and high correlation. If human investment is adequate and time, money and energy spent in planning, obtaining and developing the human resource are considered as integral part of overall corporate plan and policy, there is no reason why economic investment should not be fruitful (David et al, 2004) Firstly, management is a social process. ... Management is concerned with making such an interaction productive and useful for achieving organizational goals. It is the pervasiveness of the human element that gives management its special character as a social process. Secondly, management is an integrating process. Management is regarded as a process integrating human and other resources to achieve predetermined goals. Managers apply their knowledge and skills to achieve the desired result. For this purpose, it is necessary to create unity of effort or teamwork in the organization. In order to develop team spirit, managers has to synchronies different activities, relate means to ends, and strike an appropriate balance between organizational and individual goals. Thus management is regarded as an integrating process. Thirdly, management is a continuous process Management is an ongoing continuous process. It involves continuous handling of problems and issues. Management constantly identifies the problems and tries to solve them (Sherlekar, 1999). 4.0 Staffing Staffing may be defined as the process involved in identifying, assessing, planning, evaluating and developing individuals at work. The managerial function of staffing involves manning the organizational structure through the proper and effective selection, appraisal and development of personnel to fill the roles designed into the structure. 4.1 Phases in Staffing Process 4.1.1 Manpower Planning Manpower planning may be regarded, as a process of determining quantitative and qualitative needs in relation to manpower in an organization. It may be expressed as a process by which the management ensures the right number of people and right kind of people, at the right place, at the right time